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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Daubechies-Wavelets</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Unter <b>Daubechies-Wavelets</b>, benannt nach <a href="Ingrid_Daubechies" title="Ingrid Daubechies">Ingrid Daubechies</a>, versteht man in der <a href="Digitale_Signalverarbeitung" title="Digitale Signalverarbeitung">digitalen Signalverarbeitung</a> eine Klasse orthogonaler <a href="Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a>-<a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktionen</a>, die einen kompakten <a href="Tr%C3%A4ger_(Mathematik)" title="Träger (Mathematik)">Träger</a> haben. Sie gehören zu den am häufigsten praktisch eingesetzten Wavelets, die bei <a href="Wavelet-Transformation" title="Wavelet-Transformation">Wavelet-Transformationen</a> zum Beispiel für Zwecke der digitalen Signalanalyse und <a href="Datenkompression" title="Datenkompression">Signalkompression</a> Verwendung finden. Aufgrund ihrer einfachen Implementierbarkeit mittels der <a href="Schnelle_Wavelet-Transformation" title="Schnelle Wavelet-Transformation">schnellen Wavelet-Transformation</a> (FWT) sind sie auch Lehr(buch)beispiele der digitalen Signalverarbeitung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beschreibung">Beschreibung</h2></div>
<p>Im Sinne der <a href="Funktionalanalysis" title="Funktionalanalysis">Funktionalanalysis</a> erzeugt die Waveletfunktion zusammen mit ihren ganzzahligen Verschiebungen und den Stauchungen/Streckungen dieser Funktionen mit Zweierpotenzen als Faktor eine <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a> des <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraums</a> <a href="Lp-Raum" title="Lp-Raum"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8722fb232f689925a4baa0e4ba478e43ee346672.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.124ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} )}" loading="lazy"></span></a>, d. h., jede quadratintegrierbare Funktion kann in Teile zerlegt werden, die der Waveletfunktion ähnlich sehen. Seit 1909 war das <a href="Haar-Wavelet" title="Haar-Wavelet">Haar-Wavelet</a>, eine <i>stückweise konstante</i> Funktion, mit dieser Eigenschaft bekannt. Es ist das Verdienst von Ingrid Daubechies, als erste eine <i>stetige</i> Funktion mit dieser Eigenschaft konstruiert zu haben.
</p><p>Zu jedem Wavelet gibt es zwei endliche <a href="Folge_(Mathematik)" title="Folge (Mathematik)">Folgen</a> reeller Zahlen, welche als <a href="Digitales_Filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitales Filter">digitale Tief- und Hochpassfilter</a> in einer Filterbank, die Teil der FWT ist, eingesetzt werden können. Die Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> dieser Filter, auch als Anzahl der Taps bezeichnet, ist Teil der Bezeichnung <b>D<i>N</i> </b>der einzelnen Daubechies-Wavelets. In der Praxis werden meist die Daubechies-Wavelets mit den Bezeichnungen D2-D20 verwendet. Aus theoretischen Gründen kommen nur gerade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=2A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=2A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1e07c1eee65c585fcc34a499012688caa2fa47c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.068ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=2A}" loading="lazy"></span> vor. Jedes Wavelet dieser Klasse hat die maximale Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> verschwindender Momente (in der engl. Literatur „vanishing moments“), d. h., die Waveletfunktion steht senkrecht (im Sinne von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8722fb232f689925a4baa0e4ba478e43ee346672.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.124ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} )}" loading="lazy"></span>, d. h. das Integral des Produkts beider Funktionen ist Null) zu jedem Polynom mit Grad höchstens <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b2e02869ed2c3dc88dd61c6ba02361c6847e79c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.746ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A-1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Beispielsweise hat D2 (das <a href="Haar-Wavelet" title="Haar-Wavelet">Haar-Wavelet</a>) ein verschwindendes Moment und ist senkrecht zu allen konstanten Funktionen, D4 hat zwei solcher Momente und ist senkrecht zu allen linearen Funktionen (was die konstanten Funktionen einschließt) usw. Die Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> der verschwindenden Momente ist ein Maß der Güte einer Skalierungsfunktion.
</p><p>Von Ingrid Daubechies wurde ebenfalls eine Klasse biorthogonaler Wavelets mit ähnlicher Charakteristik eingeführt. Diese Wavelets sind nicht mehr orthogonal, aber dafür symmetrisch.
</p>
<table class="wikitable centered">
<caption>Die orthogonalen Daubechies-Wavelets
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th>A=2, N=4, Träger [0,3]
</th>
<th>A=6, N=12, Träger [0,11]
</th>
<th>A=10, N=20, Träger [0,19]
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Skalierungs- und Wavelet-Funktionen
</th>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Amplituden ihres Frequenzspektrums
</th>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algebraische_Bedingungen">Algebraische Bedingungen</h2></div>
<p>Die Skalierungsfunktion in einer jeden <a href="Multiskalenanalyse" title="Multiskalenanalyse">Multiskalenanalyse</a> ist Lösung einer <a href="Fraktal" title="Fraktal">fraktalen</a> <a href="Funktionalgleichung" title="Funktionalgleichung">Funktionalgleichung</a>, die Verfeinerungsgleichung oder Zweiskalengleichung genannt wird:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (x)=\sum _{k=0}^{N-1}a_{k}\phi (2x-k)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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</msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (x)=\sum _{k=0}^{N-1}a_{k}\phi (2x-k)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/713f1c137a06084230c6ec2221451ee8d2f6eadd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:23.627ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (x)=\sum _{k=0}^{N-1}a_{k}\phi (2x-k)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei die endliche <a href="Folge_(Mathematik)" title="Folge (Mathematik)">Folge</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a_{0},\dots ,a_{N-1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a_{0},\dots ,a_{N-1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a494dc0dbdaf4e88432de79cc5f5e917e24a592d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.293ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a_{0},\dots ,a_{N-1})}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reeller Zahlen</a> Skalierungsfolge oder -maske genannt wird. Die Waveletfunktion ergibt sich auf ähnlichem Wege als Linearkombination
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (x)=\sum _{k=0}^{M-1}b_{k}\phi (2x-k)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (x)=\sum _{k=0}^{M-1}b_{k}\phi (2x-k)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1be78cf3bcf0ae866e8b278208172826a6aea63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:23.79ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (x)=\sum _{k=0}^{M-1}b_{k}\phi (2x-k)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>mit einer geeigneten endlichen Folge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (b_{0},\dots ,b_{M-1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (b_{0},\dots ,b_{M-1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d3bfb1418a0c8c1457f1975b4eeae8584ba551b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.097ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (b_{0},\dots ,b_{M-1})}" loading="lazy"></span> reeller Zahlen, die Waveletfolge oder -maske genannt wird.
</p><p>Ist die Existenz einer stetigen Lösung der Verfeinerungsgleichung bekannt, so kann eine beliebig genaue Approximation dieser gefunden werden, indem man das endlichdimensionale lineare Gleichungssystem aufstellt, welches die Werte der Skalierungsfunktion an ganzzahligen Stellen erfüllen muss. Da dieses Gleichungssystem homogen ist, fügt man die Bedingung hinzu, dass die Summe dieser Werte 1 sein soll. Aus den Werten an den ganzzahligen Stellen lassen sich dann die Werte zu den Vielfachen von 1/2, aus diesen die Werte zu den Vielfachen von 1/4 etc. durch einfaches Einsetzen finden. Desgleichen gilt für die Werte der Waveletfunktion. Auf diese Weise wurden obige Diagramme erzeugt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthogonale_Wavelets">Orthogonale Wavelets</h3></div>
<p>Diese Klasse von Wavelets hat die Eigenschaft, dass die Skalierungsfunktion mitsamt ihren ganzzahligen Verschiebungen im Verein mit der Waveletfunktion mit ihren ganzzahligen Verschiebungen ein Orthonormalsystem im <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a> <a href="Lp-Raum" title="Lp-Raum">L²(IR)</a> bilden. Notwendig für diese <i>Orthogonalität</i> ist, dass die Skalierungsfolge senkrecht zu allen geradzahligen Verschiebungen ihrer selbst steht:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{n\in \mathbb {Z} }a_{n}a_{n+2m}=2\delta _{m,0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
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<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
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<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
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<mi>n</mi>
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<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
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<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{n\in \mathbb {Z} }a_{n}a_{n+2m}=2\delta _{m,0}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e394c9b23cc49420ede872d4e713b60a4ecf36d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:20.43ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{n\in \mathbb {Z} }a_{n}a_{n+2m}=2\delta _{m,0}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Im orthogonalen Fall ergeben sich die Koeffizienten der Waveletfolge direkt aus den Koeffizienten der Skalierungsfolge nach
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b_{n}=(-1)^{n}a_{N-1-n}\qquad {\text{mit }}n=0,\ldots ,N-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>mit </mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b_{n}=(-1)^{n}a_{N-1-n}\qquad {\text{mit }}n=0,\ldots ,N-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2a5d48726b43be627bccea2393825a75b19b6f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:44.213ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b_{n}=(-1)^{n}a_{N-1-n}\qquad {\text{mit }}n=0,\ldots ,N-1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Manchmal findet man auch das andere <a href="Vorzeichen_(Zahl)" title="Vorzeichen (Zahl)">Vorzeichen</a> in der Literatur.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biorthogonale_Wavelets">Biorthogonale Wavelets</h3></div>
<p>Die zweite von Ingrid Daubechies zusammen mit <a href="Albert_Cohen_(Mathematiker)" title="Albert Cohen (Mathematiker)">Albert Cohen</a> und Jean-Christophe Feauveau eingeführte Klasse sind die <a href="Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau-Wavelet" title="Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau-Wavelet"><i>biorthogonalen</i> Wavelets</a>. Diese haben zwar nicht die oben genannte Orthogonalitätseigenschaft, weichen von dieser aber nur gering ab. Dafür können sie so konstruiert werden, dass die Skalierungsfunktion symmetrisch und die Waveletfunktion ebenfalls symmetrisch oder antisymmetrisch ist. Jedoch genügt hier nicht ein Paar erzeugender Funktionen, sondern es braucht zwei Skalierungsfunktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ,{\tilde {\phi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ,{\tilde {\phi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a75c89ff3d7b70f05eb97c5d31620d590498bfd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.887ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ,{\tilde {\phi }}}" loading="lazy"></span>, welche verschiedene Multiskalenanalysen erzeugen können, und dementsprechend zwei verschiedene Waveletfunktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi ,{\tilde {\psi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi ,{\tilde {\psi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8359148b514f357996c6b1ffeec698f2619ed83f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.143ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi ,{\tilde {\psi }}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die zwei Skalierungsfolgen müssen nun für alle ganzzahligen <i>m</i> folgende Biorthogonalitätsbedingung erfüllen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{n\in \mathbb {Z} }a_{n}{\tilde {a}}_{n+2m}=2\delta _{m,0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{n\in \mathbb {Z} }a_{n}{\tilde {a}}_{n+2m}=2\delta _{m,0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bdd98513a4fb08ad81cb0a689583a5fc24d59fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:20.43ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{n\in \mathbb {Z} }a_{n}{\tilde {a}}_{n+2m}=2\delta _{m,0}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ist diese erfüllt, ergeben sich die Waveletfolgen als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}b_{n}&=(-1)^{n}{\tilde {a}}_{M-1-n}&\qquad &\mathrm {f{\ddot {u}}r} \quad n=0,\ldots ,M-1\\{\tilde {b}}_{n}&=(-1)^{n}a_{M-1-n}&&\mathrm {f{\ddot {u}}r} \quad n=0,\ldots ,N-1\end{alignedat}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 0em 0em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
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<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
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<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}b_{n}&=(-1)^{n}{\tilde {a}}_{M-1-n}&\qquad &\mathrm {f{\ddot {u}}r} \quad n=0,\ldots ,M-1\\{\tilde {b}}_{n}&=(-1)^{n}a_{M-1-n}&&\mathrm {f{\ddot {u}}r} \quad n=0,\ldots ,N-1\end{alignedat}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b8eeb6ecf14303b60e4109d64f9586bb2740648.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:47.099ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}b_{n}&=(-1)^{n}{\tilde {a}}_{M-1-n}&\qquad &\mathrm {f{\ddot {u}}r} \quad n=0,\ldots ,M-1\\{\tilde {b}}_{n}&=(-1)^{n}a_{M-1-n}&&\mathrm {f{\ddot {u}}r} \quad n=0,\ldots ,N-1\end{alignedat}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <i>N</i> die Länge der Skalierungsfolge zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> und <i>M</i> die Länge der Skalierungsfolge zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\phi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\phi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9d195019ecfbb56473440008ed4b41a7ee46fe0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.467ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\phi }}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p><p>Der <a href="JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">Jpeg-2000</a>-Standard benutzt zur <a href="Bildkompression" title="Bildkompression">Bildkompression</a> auch das biorthogonale Daubechies-5/3-Wavelet (auch als LeGall-5/3-Wavelet bekannt) für verlustfreie und das Daubechies-9/7-Wavelet (auch als <i>Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau 9/7</i> oder „CDF 9/7“ oder <i>FBI-Fingerabdruck-Wavelet</i> bekannt) für verlustbehaftete Kompression.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analytische_Bedingungen">Analytische Bedingungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verschwindende_Momente_und_Polynomapproximation">Verschwindende Momente und Polynomapproximation</h3></div>
<p>Eine notwendige Bedingung für die Existenz einer <i>r</i>-fach stetig differenzierbaren Lösung (<i>r=0</i> für nur stetig) der Verfeinerungsgleichung ist, dass das Polynom <i>(1+Z)<sup>r+1</sup></i> die erzeugende Funktion bzw. <a href="Z-Transformation" title="Z-Transformation">Z-Transformation</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(Z):=a_{0}+a_{1}Z+\dots +a_{N-1}Z^{N-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(Z):=a_{0}+a_{1}Z+\dots +a_{N-1}Z^{N-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d351f4cd07f3be3edd1a75373ab01161cd8cc4ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.48ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(Z):=a_{0}+a_{1}Z+\dots +a_{N-1}Z^{N-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Skalierungsfolge <i>a</i> teilt. Die maximale Potenz <i>A</i>, so dass <i>(1+Z)<sup>A</sup></i> ein Faktor von <i>a(Z)</i> ist, heißt <b>polynomiale Approximationsordnung</b>. Sie gibt die Fähigkeit der Skalierungsfunktion an, Polynome bis zum Grad <i>A-1</i> als Linearkombination ganzzahliger Verschiebungen der Skalierungsfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> darzustellen.
</p>
<ul><li>Im biorthogonalen Fall ergibt eine Approximationsordnung <i>A</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> eine gleiche Anzahl <i>A</i> von verschwindenden Momenten des dualen Wavelets <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\psi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\psi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4ac6d8bfc5b19aea7fd59edc84dca2a1fa3a86e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.596ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\psi }}}" loading="lazy"></span>, was daraus folgt, dass <i>(1+Z)<sup>A</sup></i> ein Faktor von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b(Z)=Z^{-1}a(-Z^{-1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b(Z)=Z^{-1}a(-Z^{-1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41aa237f366607e65ce6559fb3efd820da269e23.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.515ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b(Z)=Z^{-1}a(-Z^{-1})}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Umgekehrt ist die Approximationsordnung <i>Ã</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\phi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\phi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9d195019ecfbb56473440008ed4b41a7ee46fe0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.467ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\phi }}}" loading="lazy"></span> gleich zur Anzahl <i>Ã</i> von verschwindenden Momenten des Wavelets <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45e5789e5d9c8f7c79744f43ecaaf8ba42a8553a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi }" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Im orthogonalen Fall stimmen <i>A</i> und <i>Ã</i> überein, wie auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ={\tilde {\phi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ={\tilde {\phi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f24e33ea9c5f38ba7330f96ae49bed45dd60dd37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.951ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ={\tilde {\phi }}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi ={\tilde {\psi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi ={\tilde {\psi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5d3e29c5ca231923ea6d8db4cdece5c15863759.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.207ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi ={\tilde {\psi }}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glattheit_der_Funktionen">Glattheit der Funktionen</h3></div>
<p>Ein Kriterium für die Lösbarkeit der Verfeinerungsgleichung ist das folgende: Faktorisieren wir <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(Z)=2^{1-A}(1+Z)^{A}p(Z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(Z)=2^{1-A}(1+Z)^{A}p(Z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65cfdab784258ad4a90bf763fe18130346f30040.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.162ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(Z)=2^{1-A}(1+Z)^{A}p(Z)}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Polynom in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(1)=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(1)=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d3109d32de5423e91976e96e8c3452c35a5f9c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.492ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(1)=1}" loading="lazy"></span>, und gibt es eine Schranke der Art
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1\leq \sup _{t\in [0,2\pi ]}|p(e^{it})|<2^{A-1-r}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">sup</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo><</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1\leq \sup _{t\in [0,2\pi ]}|p(e^{it})|<2^{A-1-r}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d186ac75bcd4bf41726b58addfcbfc1d79792cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:26.892ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1\leq \sup _{t\in [0,2\pi ]}|p(e^{it})|<2^{A-1-r}}" loading="lazy"></span> für ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f7b1b20ccd888e84ebffce5446840cc882b3dc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.567ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>so hat die Verfeinerungsgleichung eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span>-fach stetig differenzierbare Lösung mit Träger im Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[0,N-1\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[0,N-1\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5dbe1d2b052d75e41f71a5077d974ada1003132c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.557ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[0,N-1\right]}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=A+deg(p)+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=A+deg(p)+1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d2ad98016eea9315fe59c50dab7064c5328698f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.143ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=A+deg(p)+1}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h3></div>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(Z):=2^{1-A}(1+Z)^{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(Z):=2^{1-A}(1+Z)^{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3bf78c11f346c9ae8cd435a8f7c849860208c77e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.15ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(Z):=2^{1-A}(1+Z)^{A}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wozu ein konstantes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(Z)=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(Z)=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fff20488919011c1dc7945cfeee70928e5df5870.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:9.009ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(Z)=1}" loading="lazy"></span> gehört. Nach obigem muss <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n<A-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n<A-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3103c8acd49e7671a55aff1a09c0bdef5e7adce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.239ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n<A-1}" loading="lazy"></span> gelten, d. h. die Lösungen wären mindestens <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A-2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A-2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8aff9d6633d229503ceb4c9e2c175c406dc3171.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.746ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A-2}" loading="lazy"></span>-fach stetig differenzierbar. In der Tat sind die Lösungen aber gerade Schoenbergs <a href="B-Spline" class="mw-redirect" title="B-Spline">B-Splines</a> der Ordnung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b2e02869ed2c3dc88dd61c6ba02361c6847e79c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.746ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A-1}" loading="lazy"></span>, die eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (A-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (A-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/890dad21973d7b0a9ef6a267281baa642d1ef56c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (A-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>-te stückweise konstante Ableitung besitzen, insbesondere ist die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (A-2)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (A-2)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b7e3427f65cfb465a665dbdb733dd4ce61dadb6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (A-2)}" loading="lazy"></span>-te Ableitung <a href="Lipschitz-Stetigkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipschitz-Stetigkeit">Lipschitz-stetig</a>. Der Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9c93fa532d5efee9437dc500521e334e7ea26a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.004ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=1}" loading="lazy"></span>, der aus dieser Behandlung herausfällt, entspricht der Indexfunktion des Einheitsintervalls und ist die Skalierungsfunktion des <a href="Haar-Wavelet" title="Haar-Wavelet">Haar-Wavelets</a>.</li>
<li>Im Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c93f57e3368569f0c80dc007e7602177572ddc4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.004ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=2}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> linear kann man ansetzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(Z)={\tfrac {1}{4}}(1+Z)^{2}\,((1+Z)+c(1-Z))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(Z)={\tfrac {1}{4}}(1+Z)^{2}\,((1+Z)+c(1-Z))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe5264b1e4e0611755da5de6f1479ccd88f3f391.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:39.052ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(Z)={\tfrac {1}{4}}(1+Z)^{2}\,((1+Z)+c(1-Z))}" loading="lazy"></span>. Bestimmen wir die Monomkoeffizienten dieses Polynoms 3. Grades und setzen diese 4 Koeffizienten in die Orthogonalitätsbedingung ein, so verbleibt am Ende genau die Bedingung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{2}=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{2}=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6436f66a5c0e456f05f4d5828d4ae39e593f1d7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.322ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{2}=3}" loading="lazy"></span>. Setzen wir die positive Wurzel in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> ein, so erhalten wir die Skalierungsfolge des D4-Wavelets, siehe auch die Tabelle unten.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konstruktion">Konstruktion</h2></div>
<p>Die Daubechies-Wavelets entsprechen dem Fall minimaler Freiheitsgrade in der Bestimmung der Skalierungsfolgen. Einerseits kann bei gegebener Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> von Verschwindungsmomenten die minimale Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> der Skalierungsfolge gesucht werden, andererseits die maximale Anzahl von Verschwindungsmomenten bei gegebener Länge. In beiden Fällen gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=2A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=2A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1e07c1eee65c585fcc34a499012688caa2fa47c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.068ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=2A}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthogonale_Wavelets_2">Orthogonale Wavelets</h3></div>
<p>Verwenden wir die obige Faktorisierung der Skalierungsfolge, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(Z)=2^{1-A}(1+Z)^{A}p(Z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(Z)=2^{1-A}(1+Z)^{A}p(Z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65cfdab784258ad4a90bf763fe18130346f30040.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.162ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(Z)=2^{1-A}(1+Z)^{A}p(Z)}" loading="lazy"></span>, mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(1)=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(1)=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d3109d32de5423e91976e96e8c3452c35a5f9c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.492ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(1)=1}" loading="lazy"></span>, so können die Orthogonalitätsbedingungen ebenfalls in einem Laurent-Polynom zusammengefasst werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(Z)a(Z^{-1})+a(-Z)a(-Z^{-1})=4\quad \Rightarrow \quad (1-u)^{A}p(Z)p(Z^{-1})=1-u^{A}\,[p(-Z)p(-Z^{-1})]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(Z)a(Z^{-1})+a(-Z)a(-Z^{-1})=4\quad \Rightarrow \quad (1-u)^{A}p(Z)p(Z^{-1})=1-u^{A}\,[p(-Z)p(-Z^{-1})]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/512517bc8492ca444c0818818ec1d641bcab258d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:89.734ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(Z)a(Z^{-1})+a(-Z)a(-Z^{-1})=4\quad \Rightarrow \quad (1-u)^{A}p(Z)p(Z^{-1})=1-u^{A}\,[p(-Z)p(-Z^{-1})]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit dem Kürzel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u:=1/4\cdot (2-Z-Z^{-1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u:=1/4\cdot (2-Z-Z^{-1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54b6d4880dce49d37a8c4e89c1b07c8c9378f309.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.616ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u:=1/4\cdot (2-Z-Z^{-1})}" loading="lazy"></span>. Aus dieser Gleichung leitet sich ab, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \deg p<A-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>deg</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \deg p<A-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bea07d99c46a5da1dba557270878e56140e9dd1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.888ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \deg p<A-1}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht funktionieren kann, somit mindestens <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \deg p=A-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>deg</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \deg p=A-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2034d49ea5e62abe2e47c76fe5ec994e3db9b0a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.888ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \deg p=A-1}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt, woraus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=2a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=2a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7f115533e92ec67a66c4c297a22c7235cde848b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.554ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=2a}" loading="lazy"></span> im minimalen Fall folgt.
</p><p>Wir können mit der inversen Potenzreihe zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1-u)^{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (1-u)^{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1756627275d8549b97985c3df82867daf5a21c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.607ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (1-u)^{A}}" loading="lazy"></span> multiplizieren und an der Potenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u^{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u^{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/014ab0684119a4651efa7ab99fc702b70ae9049f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.795ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u^{A}}" loading="lazy"></span> abbrechen,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(Z)p(Z^{-1})=\sum _{k=0}^{A-1}{\binom {-A}{k}}(-u)^{k}=\sum _{k=0}^{A-1}{\binom {A+k-1}{k}}u^{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(Z)p(Z^{-1})=\sum _{k=0}^{A-1}{\binom {-A}{k}}(-u)^{k}=\sum _{k=0}^{A-1}{\binom {A+k-1}{k}}u^{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/413a92aa75a065d4dec36e1ded423fe96c939410.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:54.095ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(Z)p(Z^{-1})=\sum _{k=0}^{A-1}{\binom {-A}{k}}(-u)^{k}=\sum _{k=0}^{A-1}{\binom {A+k-1}{k}}u^{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Diese Gleichung ist lösbar, ihre Lösungen ergeben sich aus einer Methode, die <i>spektrale Faktorisierung</i> genannt wird. Zuerst werden die Nullstellen der rechten Seite als Polynom in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmt. Daraus ergeben sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b2e02869ed2c3dc88dd61c6ba02361c6847e79c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.746ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A-1}" loading="lazy"></span> quadratische Gleichungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> mit zueinander reziproken Lösungen, eine davon wird <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(Z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(Z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00c72409f10f03f8d0b7314e154e9a017c03ef7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.749ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(Z)}" loading="lazy"></span> zugeordnet. Daher ergeben sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{A-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{A-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db9ee79508b59bb1240c8009114b10aeabbd642b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.728ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{A-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> mögliche Lösungen, man kann sich z. B. für diejenige entscheiden, bei der alle Nullstellen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(Z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(Z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00c72409f10f03f8d0b7314e154e9a017c03ef7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.749ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(Z)}" loading="lazy"></span> innerhalb bzw. alle außerhalb des Einheitskreises liegen.
</p><p>In der folgenden Tabelle sind die so erhaltenen Skalierungsfolgen für die Wavelets D2-D20, d. h. für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9c93fa532d5efee9437dc500521e334e7ea26a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.004ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=1}" loading="lazy"></span> bis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=10}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=10}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c9d6b464d89297f7f0ba6ea13536d0c2646cad8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.166ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=10}" loading="lazy"></span>, aufgelistet.
</p>
<table class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:right">
<caption>Orthogonale Daubechies-Koeffizienten
</caption>
<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe8">
<th>D2 (<a href="Haar-Wavelet" title="Haar-Wavelet">Haar</a>)
</th>
<th>D4
</th>
<th>D6
</th>
<th>D8
</th>
<th>D10
</th>
<th>D12
</th>
<th>D14
</th>
<th>D16
</th>
<th>D18
</th>
<th>D20
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1
</td>
<td>0,6830127
</td>
<td>0,47046721
</td>
<td>0,32580343
</td>
<td>0,22641898
</td>
<td>0,15774243
</td>
<td>0,11009943
</td>
<td>0,07695562
</td>
<td>0,05385035
</td>
<td>0,03771716
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1
</td>
<td>1,1830127
</td>
<td>1,14111692
</td>
<td>1,01094572
</td>
<td>0,85394354
</td>
<td>0,69950381
</td>
<td>0,56079128
</td>
<td>0,44246725
</td>
<td>0,34483430
</td>
<td>0,26612218
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>0,3169873
</td>
<td>0,650365
</td>
<td>0,8922014
</td>
<td>1,02432694
</td>
<td>1,06226376
</td>
<td>1,03114849
</td>
<td>0,95548615
</td>
<td>0,85534906
</td>
<td>0,74557507
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>−0,1830127
</td>
<td>−0,19093442
</td>
<td>−0,03967503
</td>
<td>0,19576696
</td>
<td>0,44583132
</td>
<td>0,66437248
</td>
<td>0,82781653
</td>
<td>0,92954571
</td>
<td>0,97362811
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>−0,12083221
</td>
<td>−0,26450717
</td>
<td>−0,34265671
</td>
<td>−0,31998660
</td>
<td>−0,20351382
</td>
<td>−0,02238574
</td>
<td>0,18836955
</td>
<td>0,39763774
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>0,0498175
</td>
<td>0,0436163
</td>
<td>−0,04560113
</td>
<td>−0,18351806
</td>
<td>−0,31683501
</td>
<td>−0,40165863
</td>
<td>−0,41475176
</td>
<td>−0,35333620
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>0,0465036
</td>
<td>0,10970265
</td>
<td>0,13788809
</td>
<td>0,1008467
</td>
<td>6,68194092e−4
</td>
<td>−0,13695355
</td>
<td>−0,27710988
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>−0,01498699
</td>
<td>−0,00882680
</td>
<td>0,03892321
</td>
<td>0,11400345
</td>
<td>0,18207636
</td>
<td>0,21006834
</td>
<td>0,18012745
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>−0,01779187
</td>
<td>−0,04466375
</td>
<td>−0,05378245
</td>
<td>−0,02456390
</td>
<td>0,04345268
</td>
<td>0,13160299
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>4,71742793e−3
</td>
<td>7,83251152e−4
</td>
<td>−0,02343994
</td>
<td>−0,06235021
</td>
<td>−0,09564726
</td>
<td>−0,10096657
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>6,75606236e−3
</td>
<td>0,01774979
</td>
<td>0,01977216
</td>
<td>3,54892813e−4
</td>
<td>−0,04165925
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>−1,52353381e−3
</td>
<td>6,07514995e−4
</td>
<td>0,01236884
</td>
<td>0,03162417
</td>
<td>0,04696981
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>−2,54790472e−3
</td>
<td>−6,88771926e−3
</td>
<td>−6,67962023e−3
</td>
<td>5,10043697e−3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>5,00226853e−4
</td>
<td>−5,54004549e−4
</td>
<td>−6,05496058e−3
</td>
<td>−0,01517900
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>9,55229711e−4
</td>
<td>2,61296728e−3
</td>
<td>1,97332536e−3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>−1,66137261e−4
</td>
<td>3,25814671e−4
</td>
<td>2,81768659e−3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>−3,56329759e−4
</td>
<td>−9,69947840e−4
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>−5,5645514e−5
</td>
<td>−1,64709006e−4
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>1,32354367e−4
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>−1,875841e−5
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Die Waveletkoeffizienten können abgeleitet werden, indem die Reihenfolge und das Vorzeichen für jeden zweiten Koeffizienten umgekehrt wird. Für D4 wäre dies z. B. −0,1830127, −0,3169873, 1,1830127, −0,6830127.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biorthogonale_symmetrische_Wavelets">Biorthogonale symmetrische Wavelets</h3></div>
<p>Eng verwandt zu den Daubechies-Wavelets sind die <a href="Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau-Wavelet" title="Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau-Wavelet">Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau-Wavelets</a> (CDF-Wavelets). Im Gegensatz zu den Daubechies-Wavelets sind letztere jedoch nur paarweise orthogonal (biorthogonal), dafür aber symmetrisch.
</p><p>CDF-Wavelets erlangten Bekanntheit, da sie im <a href="JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG-2000</a>-Standard Verwendung finden. Weiterhin ist das Wavelet, das in der Fingerabdruckdatenbank des FBI eingesetzt wird, ein CDF-Wavelet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Haar-Wavelet" title="Haar-Wavelet">Haar-Wavelet</a></li>
<li><a href="Wavelet-Kompression" title="Wavelet-Kompression">Wavelet-Kompression</a></li>
<li><a href="Gau%C3%9F-Laplace-Pyramide" title="Gauß-Laplace-Pyramide">Gauß-Laplace-Pyramide</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Carlos Cabrelli, Ursula Molter: <i>Generalized Self-Similarity</i>. In: <i><a href="Journal_of_Mathematical_Analysis_and_Applications" title="Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications">Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications</a>.</i> 230, 1999, S. 251–260 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mate.dm.uba.ar/%7Ehafg/papers/generalized.pdf">PDF</a>).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>Ingrid Daubechies: <i>Ten Lectures on Wavelets</i>. SIAM 1992.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:176106/datastream/PDF/download/citation.pdf">Hardware implementation of wavelets</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wavelet.org/">wavelet.org</a>, es sei besonders auf die „Gallery“ mit Tutorial und Buchempfehlungen verwiesen</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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